Synthesis of chemical compounds using materials which are compatible with environment, non-toxic and safe, is one of the principles of green chemistry. In this paper, all principles of green chemistry with two new methods for green synthesis of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles have collected. Titanium dioxide is a photo catalyst which has various applications especially in green chemistry. This paper is about synthesis of (TiO2) nanoparticles first by using Nyctanthes Arbor-Tristis leaves extract and then by a bacteria called Planomicrobium sp. Then the size and morphology of the synthesized nanoparticles by two methods are compared by their scanning electron microscopic (SEM) images.

The present investigation was carried out to evaluate the effects of dioxide Titanium particles on growth and performance character. Based on previous works, it is expected that (TiO2) nanoparticles (NPs) improving the feed efficiency and promote silk protein synthesis in the silkworm can be improved important traits such as cocoon shell weight and cocoon weight. The experiment was designed in a completely randomized design with three replications. Five groups of silkworms fed diets with dioxide Titanium nanoparticles at 0, 5, 10, 50, and 100 mg/l in duration 4 and 5 instars. Data were analyzed by SAS software, and Duncan test was used to compare the mean. It was observed that the addition of dioxide Titanium nanoparticles at different levels significantly improved percent viability, cocoon and cocoon shell performance compared control group. In comparison to the control treatment, cocoon weights rose by 3. 3 and 3. 85 percent in 5 and 10 mg/l dioxide Titanium, respectively. In comparison to the control treatment, 5 mg/l nanoparticles had a higher cocoon shell weight and cocoon shell ratio of 10. 40 and 6. 27 percent, respectively. Results showed that using dioxide Titanium nanoparticles in 5 and 10 mg/l can increase cocoon and cocoon shell performance, but it has not effect on these traits with higher concentration.

The present study has been dedicated to analyzing the photocatalytic activity and chemical stability of (TiO2) nanoparticles, which in turn, could be employed in environmental and medical applications, such as antimicrobial coatings and cancer therapy. The work was focused on the synthesis of Titanium dioxide nanoparticles ((TiO2)) using Titanium tetraisopropoxide Ti[OCH(CH₃)₂]₄ dissolved in isopropyl alcohol, sonication, and hydrothermal method at 140°C. The nanoparticles were afterwards cleaned, centrifuged, and dried by oven at 50°C for 3h, and stored at refrigerator until use. In the characterization of the fabricated nanoparticles, an anatase tetragonal phase with a particle size of around 74 nm was established. XRD analyses (X-ray diffraction) were exploited to learn more about the nanostructure, crystallite dimensions, and crystallographic planes. Spectroscopy of (TiO2) was done using UV-Vis absorbance, and the results were in line with (TiO2) photocatalytic activity which is particularly due to its interaction with light at 385 nm. The antibacterial properties of the nanoparticles were demonstrated in biological evaluations, and they were found to be effective against Proteus mirabilis. This may lead to finding out ways of using them for microbial targeting. Besides, the nanoparticles demonstrated concentration-dependent antioxidant properties, which were responsible for the suppression of oxidative stress. Moreover, (TiO2) showed the anti-cancer effects against Human Skin Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HSSCC) concentrating and time-dependent cell death processes. The research, further, studied the role of (TiO2) nanoparticles in the suppression of biofilms, especially against staphylococcal biofilms, but had a limited effect in the species like Pseudomonas aeruginosa, suggesting that the strategies should be specific to applications. In general, the (TiO2) nanoparticles synthesized demonstrate a wide range of applications in medicine and environment with their antibacterial, anti-oxidant and anti-cancer properties.

The advantages of nanoparticles in the treatments of cancer are rapidly growing, chemotherapy is considered the common treatment for cancer, and radiation and surgery treatment have their disadvantages because it lacks the target of the drug delivery. This study is directing a great deal of attention to (TiO2)-NPs that are produced by the methods of green synthesis. These nanoparticles could act as drug transport and carriers and in some cases also as drug replacements for the treatment of cancer. In this study, (TiO2)-NPs that are non-toxic and also cost-effective were prepared employing the gall plant extract of Quercus infectoria. Green-treated (TiO2)-NPs were measured on their purity and were pure; the investigations were carried out through UV–Vis- spectrophotometer, and the diffraction of X-ray (XRD). The analysis of specific and targeting the functional groups responsible for (TiO2)-NPs reduction were performed via spectroscopy of Fourier transform infrared (FTIR). Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to confirm the formation of spherical shapes of (TiO2)-NPs. 

Introduction: An emerging field of nanotechnology in recent years is the use of nanoparticles and nanomaterials in agricultural systems which is due to their excellent mechanical, electrical, optical, surface properties, crop protection and nano-fertilizers. Titanium dioxide ((TiO2)) is a class of nanoparticles which widely used in the food industry, cosmetics, papers, pharmaceuticals, plastics and industrial raw materials. The widespread industrial application of (TiO2) is due to its white pigment, ultraviolet blocking property, and chemical features commonly used to alleviate pollutants concentration in water, soil and air. Owing to its increasing use in the industry, a large part of (TiO2) residues are released into the environment, and currently, (TiO2) nanoparticles are being considered an emerging environmental contaminant. However, there have been a number of studies reporting beneficial effects of (TiO2) on growth and physiological traits of crops. It has been postulated that the (TiO2)-induced improvement of crop growth is not merely related to the promotion of photosynthesis; other biochemical processes especially nitrogen metabolism are also involved in this event. Ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) is a widely used as a chelating agent, i. e., the chemical is able to sequester metal ions such as Ca2+ and Fe3+. EDTA is used as nitrogen source for doping of (TiO2) nanoparticles which improves (TiO2) photocatalytic features. The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of (TiO2) nanoparticles and EDTA on growth indices and biochemical parameters in spinach (Spinacia oleracea). For detailed evaluation of treatment effects, different concentrations of (TiO2) nanoparticles were sprayed on spinach leaves and the samples were collected in a time course. Materials and Methods: A factorial experiment was carried out in the form of completely randomized design (CRD) with three replications. Soil samples were taken before cultivation of spinach (S. oleracea) seeds (Var VIROFLAY) and analyzed for nutrients’ concentration. Treatments include different levels of (TiO2) (T1=0, T2=0. 05mg/l and T3=0. 1mg/l) and two concentrations of EDTA (E1=0 and E2=130mg/l) sprayed on spinach plants in research greenhouse of agriculture faculty, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad. Aqueous solutions of nanoparticles were treated by ultrasound for 10 min to enhance homogeneity. The solutions were sprayed on the plant at six-leaves stage. The plant samples were taken before reproductive phase for measurement of biochemical parameters. Nitrogen content of plant samples was measured by PDV 500 Macro-Kjeldahl device; Potassium content was determined by 310c flame photometer; phosphorus concentration in plant samples was measured by spectrophotometer model 2100. Chlorophyll and carotenoid contents were measured by the method proposed by Lichtenthaler (1978). For analysis of growth parameters, plant samples were taken a week after (TiO2) treatments and leaf area, shoot fresh/dry weight, stem length, internode length, root area, root fresh/dry weight and total root diameter were measured. Results and Discussion: Application of 0. 05mg/l of (TiO2) nanoparticles without EDTA resulted in 13. 5% and 9. 48% increase in nitrogen and protein; respectively, however by increasing nanoparticles to 0. 1mg/l, nitrogen and protein content in the treated plants were respectively reduced to 21% and 19. 57% of those of control group (p<0. 01). Phosphorus content of the treated plants was decreased in both concentrations of (TiO2) with the higher reduction in 0. 1mg/l of (TiO2). Potassium content showed a 6. 63% increase by applying 0. 05mg/l of (TiO2); however, by increasing (TiO2) to 0. 1mg/l, potassium content was decreased to 12%. EDTA increased nitrogen and protein content by 5. 95% and 1. 9%, respectively; however phosphorus and potassium contents were reduced by 8. 7% and 5. 65%, respectively. Interaction of 0. 05mg/l (TiO2) and 130mg/l EDTA resulted in increasing nitrogen, protein and potassium content (14%, 6. 8% and 15%; respectively) and reduction of phosphorus (19. 9%). Application of 0. 1mg/l (TiO2) and 130mg/l EDTA decreased significantly nitrogen, protein, potassium and phosphorus to 25. 44%, 26. 75%, 39. 22% and 27. 8%; respectively. Interaction of (TiO2) and EDTA increased dry/fresh weight, diameter and total area of spinach plants. Our results are in agreement with those reported by others. Spinach shoot dry and fresh weights were enhanced by application of 0. 05mg/l (TiO2); while stem length was increased at both 0. 05mg/l and 0. 1mg/l (TiO2) significantly. Interaction of (TiO2) and EDTA was also followed by increasing in growth parameters. This finding is according with the results reported by other authors. These contradictory results suggest that effects of (TiO2) on plant growth and physiology don’ t follow a clear-cut trend and other factors may play important roles in this story. Conclusion: In this study, we investigated the influence of (TiO2) nanoparticles on growth and biochemical properties in spinach. In general, the results indicated that application of 0. 05mg/l of (TiO2) has a significant promoting effect on the studied traits. Increasing (TiO2) concentration to 0. 1mg/l was followed by negative effects that may be attributed to poisonous effect of extra-concentration of this nanoparticle on DNA replication, enzymatic activity and cell proliferation. Coincidence of NR activity and growth changes supports the crucial role of nitrogen metabolism in mediating (TiO2) effects on spinach growth. More notably, application of EDTA enhanced positive impacts of the nanoparticles. This synergy may be due to the fact that EDTA acts as an Nsource and improves photocatalytic properties of (TiO2) nanoparticles.

Objective(s): Photo-thermal therapy (PTT) is a therapeutic method in which photon energy is converted into heat to induce hyperthermia in malignant tumor cells. In this method, energy conversion is performed by nanoparticles (NPs) to enhance induced heat efficacy. The low-cytotoxicity and high optical absorbance of NPs used in this technique are very important. In the present study, Titanium dioxide ((TiO2)) NPs were used as agents for PTT. For increasing water dispersibility and biocompatibility, polyethylene glycol (PEG)-(TiO2) NPs (PEGylated (TiO2) NPs) were synthesized and the effect of these NPs on reducing melanoma tumor size after PTT was experimentally assessed. Materials and Methods: To improve the dispersibility of (TiO2) NPs in water, PEG was used for wrapping the surface of (TiO2) NPs. The formation of a thin layer of PEG around the (TiO2) NPs was confirmed through thermo-gravimetric analysis and transmission electron microscopy techniques. Forty female cancerous mice were divided into four equal groups and received treatment with NPs and a laser diode (λ = 808 nm, P = 2 W & I = 2 W/cm2) for seven min once in the period of the treatment. Results: Compared to the mice receiving only the laser therapy, the average tumor size in the mice receiving (TiO2)-PEG NPs with laser excitation treatment sharply decreased. Conclusion: The results of animal studies showed that PEGylated (TiO2) NPs were exceptionally potent in destroying solid tumors in the PTT technique.